Health Benefits of Weight Loss Medications — Other Than Weight Loss

Most recently, researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis found that GLP-1s may be effective at preventing and treating substance use disorders across major addictive substances, including alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, nicotine and opioids. 

The team analyzed health records from more than 600,000 U.S. veterans with type 2 diabetes, and tracked which participants developed a substance use disorder and the outcomes of those who already had one. Compared to patients treated for diabetes with a non-GLP-1 medication, those on GLP-1s were less likely to develop a substance use disorder or experience a harmful event, such as an overdose or hospitalization. The study was published in the journal BMJ. 

“In addiction medicine, a lot of treatments target just one thing — for example, a nicotine patch helps with smoking, but not alcohol — but there is no medication that works across addictive substances, let alone all of them,” senior author Dr. Ziyad Al-Aly, a clinical epidemiologist and chief of the Research and Development Service at the VA Saint Louis Health Care System, said in a news release.

“The revelation about GLP-1 medication is that it really works against all major substances, and it works uniformly, not because it acts against alcohol or opioids or nicotine specifically, but because it is likely acting against the craving itself. It blunts that craving that pulls people toward whatever they’re addicted to," he said. 

Treating liver disease

A 2025 study published in The New England Journal of Medicine found that Wegovy helped improve liver health or prevented it from worsening in 63 percent of participants who took the drug and had a form of liver disease known as MASH.

Approximately 15 million Americans have MASH, which occurs when fat builds up in the liver, leading to inflammation and scarring. Over time, the condition can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and even liver failure. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and high cholesterol can contribute to the development of MASH.

“The results from this landmark study across 37 countries provide strong evidence that semaglutide [the active ingredient in Wegovy] can help patients with MASH by not only improving liver health, but also addressing the underlying metabolic issues that contribute to the disease,” said Dr. Arun J. Sanyal, director of the Stravitz-Sanyal Institute for Liver Disease and Metabolic Health at Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Medicine, in a news release.

A few months after the study’s publication, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Wegovy for the treatment of MASH in adults with moderate-to-advanced liver scarring. This made it the second approved treatment option for the increasingly common form of liver disease.

Heart health benefits

In a large clinical trial, researchers found that semaglutide, the active ingredient in Ozempic and Wegovy, can reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes by 20 percent in adults with heart disease and obesity. These results led the FDA in 2024 to approve Wegovy to reduce the risk of serious heart problems in adults with cardiovascular disease who are overweight or have obesity.  

“This patient population has a higher risk of cardiovascular death, heart attack and stroke. Providing a treatment option that is proven to lower this cardiovascular risk is a major advance for public health,” Dr. John Sharretts, director of the division of diabetes, lipid disorders and obesity in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a news release.

What’s more, a study published in 2024 in the journal Hypertension found that tirzepatide, the active ingredient in Mounjaro (a diabetes drug) and Zepbound (approved for weight loss), significantly lowered the systolic blood pressure of nearly 500 adults who had obesity and took the medication for about eight months. The reduction in the top number in a blood pressure reading ranged from an average of 7.4 mm Hg to an average of 10.6 mm Hg, depending on the dose of medication.

“While it is not known if the impact on blood pressure was due to the medication or the participants’ weight loss, the lower blood pressure measures seen with tirzepatide rivaled what is seen for many hypertension medications,” lead study author Dr. James A. de Lemos, a professor of medicine at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, said in a news release.

Sleep apnea

The FDA in 2024 approved Zepbound for the treatment of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity, making it the first medication to be approved for sleep apnea.

In clinical trials, participants who took the medication saw significant improvements in their breathing while sleeping. They also lost more weight than participants assigned the placebo, and researchers say their weight loss was likely the reason for the other positive outcomes. 

About 30 million people in the United States have sleep apnea, according to the American Medical Association, and the condition is more likely to occur in older adults.

Cutting kidney risks

The FDA recently approved the diabetes drug Ozempic to reduce the risk of worsening kidney and cardiovascular issues in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

The approval came after researchers leading a clinical trial of more than 3,500 participants found that a weekly dose of semaglutide, the active ingredient in Ozempic, reduced the risk of serious kidney complications and contributed to cardiovascular benefits in participants. The study results were published in 2024 in The New England Journal of Medicine.

Protecting the brain

While clinical trial research involving more than 1,800 older adults, presented at the 2025 Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference, did not find a difference in Alzheimer’s progression between those taking the oral GLP-1 and those on a placebo, other studies have found links between these medications and brain health, and researchers continue to study a possible association. 

The recently published Nature Medicine study found an association between GLP-1s and a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Al-Aly, who also co-authored that study, says researchers don’t fully understand why, but a reduction in inflammation and weight, known dementia risk factors, could be involved.  

Results from a phase 2 study presented at the 2024 Alzheimer’s Association International Conference suggest that liraglutide, an older GLP-1 medication that’s the active ingredient in Victoza and Saxenda, may help protect the brain and slow cognitive decline. 

The study included 204 people with mild Alzheimer’s disease; half of the participants received liraglutide and half received a placebo. Researchers found that those who received liraglutide had a slower loss of brain volume, including in areas that control memory, learning, language and decision-making. The liraglutide group also had a slower decline in cognitive function over one year, compared with those who got the placebo. 

“The slower loss of brain volume suggests liraglutide protects the brain, much like statins protect the heart,” lead researcher Dr. Paul Edison, a professor of science at Imperial College London, said in a news release. “While further research is needed, liraglutide may work through various mechanisms, such as reducing inflammation in the brain, lowering insulin resistance and the toxic effects of Alzheimer’s biomarkers amyloid beta and tau, and improving how the brain’s nerve cells communicate.”

Experts expect more approvals for additional health conditions

While the benefits of GLP-1s continue to mount, it’s important not to ignore potential risks, doctors say. Like all medications, these drugs can cause side effects, some of which can be serious. (Read more on AARP: Side Effects of Weight Loss Drugs.)

For older adults, a key concern is muscle loss, “and whether the loss of muscle is out of proportion to the amount of weight that’s lost by people,” Neeland says.  

Older individuals are already at risk for age-related muscle loss, which can make them more prone to falls and fractures. “So it’s important that the older adults who take these medications have strategies to maintain and preserve muscle, whether through resistance exercise training or protein supplementation or optimizing their nutrition,” he adds.

Designing a GLP-1 that can preserve muscle mass is something scientists are actively studying, along with other ways to improve the medications, Neeland says. In the meantime, he and Al-Aly expect that researchers will uncover more health conditions that could be helped by the current suite of drugs. 

“It’s very, very clear where this ship is heading. It’s very, very clear that they have, by serendipity, a significant, broad health effect,” Al-Aly says. “And that should translate into expanded indications.”

Editor's note: This story, first published Jan. 31, 2025, has been updated.