5 Breakthroughs Bringing Us Closer to Defeating Diabetes

GLP-1s are injectables that prompt your body to release more insulin, lower blood sugar, reduce appetite, boost satiety after eating and slow stomach emptying. They help some users lose as much as 20 percent of their body weight or more and, if they have diabetes, reduce their A1C by 1 or 2 percentage points or more — a significant improvement.

One GLP-1, tirzepatide, lowered the risk for progressing from prediabetes to diabetes by 94 percent in a recent study.

There are downsides, however. Half of GLP-1 users in a September 2025 Danish study stopped within a year because of high costs or side effects like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. And even with private insurance, 54 percent of GLP-1 users have struggled to pay, and 19 percent were saddled with the full cost, which can top $1,000 a month, according to a 2024 national poll.

But new federal pricing and coverage rules aim to make GLP-1s affordable and available to more people. Under a plan announced by the White House this past November, the GLP-1s Ozempic, Wegovy and Zepbound would cost about $350 a month instead of $1,000 or more (before discounts).

A recently approved GLP-1​ pill would have a $150 monthly price tag, at least for the initial dose. And the plan would expand Medicare coverage — which in 2025 covered GLP-1s only for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obstructive sleep apnea—to include obesity as well. The Medicare copay would drop to $50 a month for Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro and Zepbound.

Another factor to consider: There are concerns that rapid and dramatic weight loss could threaten muscle mass and bone density.

“For older people losing 15 to 20 percent of their total body weight, there is a real risk for losing too much muscle mass, which can lead to fragility, falls and fractures,” says Dr. William H. Herman, an endocrinologist and professor at the University of Michigan’s School of Public Health in Ann Arbor.

Still, the drugs could be helpful for some older adults struggling with obesity and its health risks, and they ought to be covered by more insurance plans for a greater array of conditions, specifically obesity, says Dr. Anne Peters, director of the University of Southern California’s Clinical Diabetes Programs.

“Obesity is like high cholesterol,” she says. “It leads to serious health problems. We need to be at a healthy weight — not skinny — in order to be healthy. If you need a medication for that, why shouldn’t you get it?”

2. Diabetes prevention programs that work

Elpidio Gutierrez was hurtling toward type 2 diabetes. Job stress, grab-anything meals and long hours behind the wheel helped push the Chicago taxi driver’s blood sugar into prediabetes in late 2022. The disease had claimed the lives of his younger brother, a cousin and the grandmother who helped raise him.

Gutierrez, 68, signed up for a yearlong class run by Chicago-based Erie Family Health Centers, a local resource for the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP).

“I want to stop the cycle,” he says. “It’s incredible how diabetes can destroy the well-being of the whole family — physically, emotionally, mentally and financially. I want to be a role model for my children.”

He adopted the motto “Poco taco, mucho zapato,” a prompt for him to eat less and move more. Gutierrez cut back on second and third helpings. He started having oatmeal, fruit and almonds for breakfast some days and ate more beans and vegetables at lunch and dinner.

He walks four to five miles several times each week. When he overindulges, like at a recent wedding in California, he gets back on track. “I’m not looking for perfection, just moderation,” he says.

Gutierrez, now retired, lost 17 pounds and lowered his A1C from a prediabetic 5.7 to a normal 5.5. His numbers have stayed within a healthy range. “I feel good,” he says. “I know I can control my health.”

Nearly a million Americans have tried NDPP — a research-proven, insurance-covered, drug-free lifestyle-change and weight-loss program. In a landmark 2002 study, the program lowered diabetes risk by 58 percent for people with prediabetes — and by 71 percent for older adults.

“Modest weight loss, losing 5 to 7 percent of your weight; modest increases in physical activity, like walking 30 minutes five times a week; and limiting saturated fat while eating lean protein, fruit and vegetables lowers risk for diabetes,” says Dagogo-Jack, one of the NDPP’s original researchers.

Since 2018, Medicare has covered the yearlong program, now available online and in person at hospitals, community centers and houses of worship across the U.S. (To find one, type “Medicare diabetes prevention program” into your web browser.) An added benefit: In a 2024 University of Michigan study, participants spent $4,600 less on health care over two years, compared with people with prediabetes who didn’t go through the program.

Don’t wait for your doctor to suggest it. In a study of 26,000 New York City residents with prediabetes, just 10 percent were referred to NDPP classes.

“The classes are fun and interactive, and you form a community — people stay in touch for years afterward,” says Ashley Pickering Brown, director of diabetes education and technology services at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston. “Support helps a lot.”

3. Wearable blood sugar monitors

For 30 years, Alton Matthews pricked his fingers five to six times a day for blood sugar checks. He watched his levels swing up and down depending on what he ate, how carefully he took his medications … and for reasons that seemed like a total mystery.

“It was a roller coaster,” says the 54-year-old barbecue pitmaster and The Dawgfatha’s BBQ podcaster from Pflugerville, Texas.

Then in 2020 he tried something new: a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Attached to his upper arm, this device — about the size of a half-dollar coin — automatically monitors his blood sugar 24/7 and displays results on his smartphone.

“The CGM changed everything,” Matthews says. “I see how what I eat and what I do affects my blood sugar in real time. If you don’t know your numbers, where do you begin the fight?”

Once used mostly by people with insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes, CGMs are now changing how a growing number of midlife and older adults with type 2 diabetes tame their blood sugar.

The devices contain a tiny sensor that measures the glucose in fluid between cells. Readings are transmitted to a smartphone app or a handheld device, where you can instantly see how that breakfast sandwich, a ride on your stationary bike or a great night of sleep is influencing your blood sugar.

“CGMs are a game changer,” says Brown. “They change health outcomes in people with diabetes. The insights from having that data can help you make changes without the physical burden of pricking your finger for a blood sugar check.”

In a 2021 study of 175 midlife and older adults with type 2 diabetes, those wearing a CGM for eight months saw a 1.1 percentage point drop in A1C — a reduction that could delay or prevent diabetes complications. CGM users also spent more time in a healthy blood sugar range than those who checked their blood sugar with the conventional finger jabs, drops of blood and a glucose meter.

Researchers are now studying whether the devices can help people with prediabetes stick with healthy changes that prevent or delay type 2.

CGMs are more accessible these days. In 2023, Medicare expanded coverage of the devices to include older adults with type 2 diabetes who use even small amounts of insulin or who had low-blood-sugar episodes with any type of diabetes medication. And in 2024 the Food and Drug Administration approved the sale of CGMs without a prescription.

The price tag can top $90 for a one-month subscription, but Brown says using the device for a month could be enough to help someone with prediabetes (or whose insurance doesn’t cover a CGM for type 2 diabetes) see how food, exercise, sleep and stress affect their blood sugar and make adjustments.

“Work with your health care practitioner so that you know how to interpret the data,” she advises.

4. Powerful new heart and kidney protection

At 75, Joe DeMeis is healthier than he’s been in years. Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes 20 years ago, the retired high school social studies teacher from Fairport, New York, struggled with rising blood sugar levels and, in recent years, with worries about two lethal diabetes complications: heart disease and kidney disease.

A heart scare had landed him in the hospital. And his father, who had diabetes, had died from kidney disease.

DeMeis’ doctors recommended adding Ozempic plus an SGLT2 inhibitor, Farxiga (dapagliflozin) — a drug that helps lower blood sugar by prompting the kidneys to remove excess glucose through urine — to other medications he takes for diabetes, blood pressure and his heart.

His blood sugar is now within a healthy range “90 percent of the time,” he says. His kidney function is normal — “which is fabulous, because usually you get to a certain point and your kidneys start going downhill,” says his wife, Jane, who has chronic kidney disease. His blood pressure is “ridiculously low,” she adds.

But the couple know it takes more to guard his ticker from diabetes’ revved-up heart threats like clot-prone blood, narrowed arteries, cell damage and inflammation. “This is a proactive approach,” DeMeis says. “I’m all for anything that will protect my heart.”

Hailed as revolutionary, groundbreaking and remarkable, SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1s are now ADA-recommended standards of care for the 20 percent of people with diabetes who have cardiovascular disease (CVD) and for some of the much greater share of the population with diabetes that has both high blood pressure and high cholesterol. The drugs reduce the risk for major problems like heart attacks, strokes and CVD-related deaths by 9 to 20 percent.

They’re also recommended for people who already have chronic kidney disease and diabetes — to prevent worsening. (A recent Spanish study of 515,000 people with diabetes found the drugs lowered the risk for developing chronic kidney disease by 15 percent.)

These extra protections are a big deal for people with diabetes, says Dr. Eden Miller, a physician and diabetes specialist in Bend, Oregon.

“Tight blood sugar control helps guard against small-blood-vessel diseases like diabetic retinopathy and kidney disease, but cardiovascular disease — the No. 1 killer of people with diabetes — is different. It’s a large-blood-vessel disease,” she says.

“GLP-1s may seem like trendy weight loss drugs, but they and SGLT2s have a significant impact on multiple facets of health. We’re seeing improvements in cardiovascular complications and quality of life,” Miller says.

5. Smarter insulin-delivery systems

At Diabetes and Obesity Care, her Oregon-based practice, Miller and her husband, who’s also a physician, help people manage weight and blood sugar problems. When her workday ends, Miller, 54, is still thinking about blood sugar — this time, her own. She has type 1 diabetes and uses an automated insulin-delivery system that constantly monitors her blood sugar, releasing small amounts of insulin to keep levels on an even keel.

Miller’s system, Omnipod 5, uses an insulin-filled pod that attaches to her skin, a CGM and an app on her smartphone where she can track the device’s activity or dial up extra insulin before eating. The pod is tubeless and waterproof and can be worn in several spots on her body, including her arms, legs and torso.

“It’s my little diabetes buddy. It goes wherever I go,” she says. “I like to swim and ski and don’t have to take it off. It’s my own smart diabetes tech that keeps me safe and healthy.”

It’s one example of the smart, automated insulin-delivery systems that are making blood sugar control better and easier for people with type 1 diabetes and for an increasing number of people with type 2 who use insulin.

Smart insulin pumps and pods use data from a CGM also attached to your skin to customize continuous insulin doses, explains Dr. Yogish Kudva, an endocrinologist and diabetes researcher at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

“This not only offers safety and effective blood sugar control but also eases the burden of diabetes, so people have less to think about,” he says.

In two studies published in 2025 in The New England Journal of Medicine that included older adults with types 1 and 2 diabetes, Kudva and other researchers found that blood sugar levels were better and users adapted to the new technology, which they were using instead of CGMs and older insulin-delivery systems like injector pens. Smart delivery systems learn users’ blood sugar patterns to anticipate needs up to an hour in advance, Miller says.

For more than 5 million midlife and older adults with diabetes, blood sugar control involves daily injections of insulin — the hormone that tells cells to absorb blood sugar. For people with type 1, using insulin is essential because their bodies no longer produce this hormone. But Miller says that people with type 2 often struggle with the decision to add insulin to the medications they may already take.

“Insulin is an amazing, lifesaving thing, but, too often, needing it is looked on as a failure in type 2 diabetes,” she says. “It’s really a blessing. And now, 21st-century technology is leveling the playing field for people with diabetes.”