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In early 2005, fresh off reelection, President George W. Bush went all in on his proposal to “fix” Social Security by allowing workers to divert the payroll taxes that fund the program into “personal retirement accounts.”
In his State of the Union address that year, Bush said his plan would save Social Security for future generations by encouraging workers to invest that tax money in the stock market.
AARP disagreed. The nation’s largest advocacy group representing older Americans joined other critics who said the proposal would essentially dismantle the bedrock retirement security program and subject older Americans to the whims of Wall Street in their golden years.
“The whole concept of Social Security was at stake,” says Eric Kingson, a professor emeritus at Syracuse University who has studied and advocated for Social Security for decades.
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AARP was ready for the fight — armed with polling data, detailed counterarguments and a blizzard of TV and radio ads. Another potent weapon: its members, estimated to number about 36 million at the time, who flooded the phone lines of their members of Congress to express their opposition.
“We will put just about everything we have into it,” William D. Novelli, then AARP’s CEO, said at the time.
That fight is perhaps the most high-profile demonstration of AARP’s advocacy firepower on Social Security. But over its 67-year history, the organization has pressed policymakers in Washington to tackle dozens of issues related to the program — from the 1972 passage of automatic annual cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) to this year’s fight to preserve phone service for beneficiaries.
“It is the most important issue that we work on, because it is the ticket to financial security for people,” says Bill Sweeney, AARP’s senior vice president for government affairs. When lawmakers are working on housing, transportation or health care costs, Sweeney says, he tells them Social Security “is all of those issues” wrapped into one.

An unexpected COLA fight
Support for Social Security is sky-high today, with 96 percent of Americans saying it’s an important program and 74 percent calling it one of the most important, according to an AARP poll released in July.
But the program was “very vulnerable” to attack after President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed it into law in August 1935, says Daniel Beland, a political science professor at McGill University in Montreal and author of Social Security: History and Politics from the New Deal to the Privatization Debate.
That’s mainly because in the first years of the program, the government was collecting payroll taxes from tens of millions of workers but few people were receiving any benefits yet, Beland says. By the 1950s, however, there was a bipartisan consensus supporting Social Security as the program’s reach among older Americans grew and it expanded to cover retirees’ spouses and survivors and people with disabilities.
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