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Can You Refuse a Face Scan at the Airport?

What travelers should know about biometric data collection at home and abroad

a person with red highlighted hands is blocking their face
Biometric screening, including facial recognition scans, is increasingly used in airport settings. Some scans are optional, though opting out is a personal choice.
AARP (Getty Images, 3)

There’s a relatively new step built into the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) process at more than 250 airports nationwide: Look into the camera.

The “camera” is a second-generation Credential Authentication Technology scanner (CAT-2), designed to quickly scan a traveler’s face and then compare it with their driver’s license or other physical identification to verify a match.

Such biometric screening is increasingly used to create so-called frictionless airport travel, characterized by a seamless experience where your identity is your credential. That’s a good thing, in theory, but it does give some travelers pause.

The Pew Research Center found that 71 percent of Americans are concerned about how the government uses their data. In addition, it found that Americans 50 and older are most likely to opt out of phone lock security features, including facial and fingerprint scans. In a 2024 AARP travel and technology survey, travelers 50 and older expressed a preference for physical, rather than digital, boarding passes, as well as hesitation about the security of digital tools throughout all stages of travel.

It’s natural to be hesitant, especially when you don’t have all the facts. Read on to learn more about airport face scans and decide for yourself what you’re comfortable with.

When and why airports scan your face

There are multiple places where you may be asked to comply with a face scan at airports, in America and abroad.

In U.S. airports:

  • At the TSA checkpoint. At participating airports, face scans may be offered in the regular line as well as the TSA PreCheck members’ line. The scan is designed to accurately match your face to your ID and is stored “pretty much until the next person comes up and has their picture scanned,” says Sheldon Jacobson, an aviation security specialist and computer science professor in the Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

“People often assume that facial recognition is associated with surveillance,” he says. “This has nothing to do with surveillance.” The TSA’s website mentions the exception of stored photos “in a limited testing environment for evaluation of the effectiveness of the technology.”

The scans are an expected part of the process in the line for Clear+, a privately run service in which members pay for the perk of biometric — and often faster — screening.

  • At the boarding gate or jetway. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) uses a facial scan system called the Traveler Verification Service (TVS) at 57 U.S. locations as part of a federal program known as biometric exit. These scans cross-reference international travelers’ scans against the Department of Homeland Security’s database and others to identify citizenship, vet criminal history and document a border crossing.

CBP says it retains U.S. citizen images for “no more than 12 hours after identity verification and only for continuity of operations purposes.” Some airlines also use facial recognition for speedier boarding, with systems that work in conjunction with CBP’s.

  • Upon arrival in the U.S. after an international trip. At 238 airports, CBP also uses facial scans at this point in the process, with the same 12-hour retention policy.

Travelers who pay for CBP’s Global Entry program opt in to biometric scanning at dedicated kiosks or touchless portals for expedited U.S. customs processing. “You don’t even show your passport,” Jacobson says. “They take a scan of your face, they say thank you, and you walk into the United States. That’s how easy it is.”

At foreign airports:

  • Upon entry or departure to and from other countries. Notably, the European Entry/Exit System (EES), which rolled out Oct. 12, is phasing out passport stamps in favor of stored biometric information. All non-European Union travelers are required to submit facial scans and fingerprints upon initial entry, and that data is generally stored for at least three years after your exit.
  • Airports and airlines. Biometric scanning for quick ID verification is more established in foreign airports. Retention policies vary.

Can you legally refuse a face scan?

In many cases, yes.

Face scanning at TSA is optional for all, and at CBP checkpoints it’s optional for U.S. citizens. There should be signs confirming this, but travelers report that this isn’t always the case.

Just as most non-U.S. citizens cannot refuse CBP’s face scans, American travelers cannot refuse them when entering other countries. “If you want to enter a country, you have to play by their rules,” Jacobson says.

Should I refuse an optional airport face scan?

That is a personal decision.

Proponents of scans call them fast and convenient. “This is one less thing for a passenger to have to worry about,” says Cindi Carter, global chief information security officer at Check Point Software Technologies. “It should take you less than 30 seconds to get scanned and processed. [And] … it’s helping to ensure the safety of U.S. citizens.”

Jacobson agrees, adding that “[older adults] will be subject to less physical screening as they embrace facial recognition as part of the screening process,” he says. “This is where we’re moving in the future.”

Those concerned about biometric airport scans may worry about the safety and privacy of their biometric data. “Once your face becomes an identifier in a government database, it’s effectively permanent. You can’t change it like a password if it’s breached or misused,” says Zach Varnell, a cybersecurity expert and cofounder of Banish Big Brother. “Opting out, for me, is a small way to signal that travelers should have a real choice in whether their biometric data becomes part of that ecosystem.”

Other worries are that an accepted convenience could more easily morph into a mandate or surveillance, and that false negatives or positives lead to extra screening and other problems — exactly what scans are meant to avoid. It’s worth noting that facial recognition systems are more likely to misidentify people of color, women, children and older people.

Steps to opt out of facial recognition at airports

Varnell has opted out of domestic airport face scans, without incident, since their inception.

His method: Stay to the side of the camera, and when the agent asks you to step in front of it, say, “I’d like to opt out of the facial recognition.”

On his last flight, the agent accepted Varnell’s license and performed a manual check before waving him through. “There was no delay, no attitude from the agent and no escalation,” he says. “I was able to board my plane on time without any issues.”

How to prepare for biometric screening when you travel

If you participate in an airport face scan, whether by choice or because you’re traveling internationally, you can do a few things to minimize delays and complications, Carter says. “[The travel experience] is vastly different than what it used to be. It’s very much a digital travel experience now,” she says.

Being prepared can help those uncomfortable with that transition, she says.

  • Have your ID out and ready.
  • Ensure your ID image looks like you. If there has been a drastic change to your appearance, perhaps from weight changes or surgery, consider renewing. If you’re not wearing glasses in your identification photo, remove them.
  • Don’t obscure your face. Remove hats, scarves and masks. If you wear a head or face covering for religious reasons, let the agent know. You may receive a private screening.
  • Have your boarding pass accessible. The screening is supposed to bypass this, but that’s not always the case. “Sometimes they do still ask for it … even with the face scan, because their systems may be down or they may be slow,” Carter says. Be prepared. A digital or physical pass works. 

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