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New CDC Report Highlights Superbug Threats. Here are 5 Myths, Explained
Antibiotic resistance is a growing health crisis — and it’s often misunderstood
7-minute read
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Key takeaways
- Nineteen drug-resistant germs cause 9.7 million infections and 50,800 deaths in the U.S. each year.
- Antibiotic resistance happens when germs, not people, become resistant to medicines designed to kill them.
- Handwashing, recommended vaccines, safe food handling and using antibiotics only as prescribed can help reduce infection risks.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungi continue to be a growing threat in the United States. A new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finds that 19 germs cause 9.7 million infections and 50,800 deaths in the U.S. each year, up from roughly 35,000 deaths and 2.8 million infections in a similar 2019 report.
Four so-called superbugs are considered urgent threats in this new report, including Candida auris (C. auris), a fungus that is often resistant to drugs and can cause serious skin and bloodstream infections, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.
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Neisseria meningitidis, which can cause meningitis, was added as a new serious threat.
“Antimicrobial resistance threatens modern medicine and puts millions of Americans at risk every year,” CDC Director Dr. Erica Schwartz said in a news release.
Despite the danger it poses, antibiotic resistance is widely misunderstood, global research shows.
Here are five myths about antibiotic resistance, plus tips on how you can protect yourself from a superbug infection.
Myth 1: Antibiotic resistance is when people become resistant to antibiotics
Fact: Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria become resistant to the drugs designed to kill them. It does not mean that people develop a resistance to antibiotics.
“The simplest way to understand it is that the bacteria are just trying to survive,” says David Weiss, director of the Antibiotic Resistance Center at Emory University’s School of Medicine, and they do that by mutating, or changing their genetic material, in order to escape the lethal effects of the drugs. Those that succeed continue to grow and spread.
Fungi can also morph into drug-resistant germs, as can viruses. “And what is happening is we’re seeing that this is becoming more and more frequent,” says Dr. Matthew McCarthy, an associate professor of medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and author of Superbugs: The Race to Stop an Epidemic. “And that means we’re running out of treatment options.”
Having a smaller arsenal of effective drugs makes treating infections caused by drug-resistant bugs more difficult — sometimes impossible. In many cases, antibiotic-resistant infections require extended hospital stays and expensive and toxic treatment alternatives, the CDC says.
The agency reports that infections commonly associated with health care accounted for more than 42,000 deaths and nearly $12 billion in health care costs in 2023.
Several types of bacteria that cause common ailments — like urinary tract infections and pneumonia — have become resistant to antibiotics, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reports. Bacteria that cause skin infections and meningitis also make the list.
Myth 2: Antibiotic resistance is a new phenomenon
Fact: Germs have been outsmarting drugs for decades. In fact, shortly after the first antibiotic was introduced in 1941, researchers identified a bacteria that was resistant to it. But it never became the problem it is today because science was always one step ahead.
“As soon as bacteria would become resistant, we would have another antibiotic that we could use to treat [an infection],” Weiss says. “What’s happened now is that the bacteria got ahead. And in some cases, we actually don’t have the next antibiotic.”
One reason: Many drug companies have abandoned efforts to produce new antibiotics. “It’s a very expensive process to discover and develop a new drug, and most companies lose money when they try to invest in a new antibiotic,” McCarthy says, which is why incentive programs could help usher in a new era of medicines.
In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified 32 antibiotics in development that work against some of the world’s biggest bacterial threats, and only a handful are drastically different from existing antibiotics. “I’m still using antibiotics that were discovered decades ago. We need newer treatment options to meet the needs of the 21st century,” McCarthy says.
Misuse of antibiotics has also fueled resistance. Any time an antibiotic is used, it gives the germs it targets an opportunity to mutate into a resistant form and spread elsewhere. That’s why health experts say it’s critical to take antibiotics only when they’re needed — when the benefits usually outweigh the risks of resistance — and only for bacterial infections.
Still, about 47 million antibiotic courses are prescribed each year for infections they can’t cure, like colds and the flu, the CDC estimates.
Myth 3: You’re unlikely to encounter a superbug
Fact: Superbugs are all around us. “It used to be something that we thought only existed in hospitals or nursing homes, but superbugs can be in your home,” McCarthy says.
They can also “live with us happily” in the gut and on the skin, Weiss adds. “The problem occurs when something happens and they start causing disease, and then you try to treat them and it’s untreatable because of antibiotic resistance.”
That said, one of the biggest risks of getting an antibiotic-resistant infection is staying in a hospital or other health care setting where antibiotics are used frequently. “The [bacteria] that are remaining there are going to be more resistant,” Weiss explains.
Myth 4: Superbugs don’t affect healthy people
Fact: Nearly half (44 percent) of respondents in a multicountry WHO survey thought antibiotic resistance is a problem only for people who take antibiotics regularly. The fact is, anyone, “at any stage of life,” can get an antibiotic-resistant infection, the CDC says.
However, some people are more at risk for getting infections than others, like people with chronic illnesses and individuals with weakened immune systems, including older adults, who have a tougher time fighting off disease. Between 1990 and 2021, deaths from antimicrobial resistance among adults 70 and older increased by more than 80 percent, a recent Lancet study found — and the trend is expected to continue.
“When you have a medical condition that causes your immune system to weaken and you come into contact with a superbug, it can cause a problem. And the problem is when you end up in the emergency room with an infection that’s resistant to all of the different antibiotics that a doctor like me was hoping to use,” McCarthy says.
Many of the same prevention efforts that can reduce the risk of any infection can also reduce the risk of a superbug infection: Washing your hands, staying up to date on recommended vaccines, preparing and storing your food safely, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
Other things you can do: Take antibiotics only when prescribed and follow your doctor’s instructions. Abandoning the treatment too early, even if you’re feeling better, gives any remaining bacteria an opportunity to change and become resistant to the medication.
Also, talk to your doctor about your individual risks. “So many patients don’t realize that they are taking medications that weaken their immune system,” McCarthy says.
Myth 5: Drug-resistant germs are no threat to modern medicine
Fact: Medical care as we know it could look very different if we run out of effective antibiotics and new drugs or alternative therapies go undiscovered.
Common infections are already getting harder to treat at home. For example, the bacteria that causes most urinary tract infections is becoming increasingly resistant to a routinely prescribed antibiotic pill. “And there are a couple of other oral options we have right now, but it’s starting to become resistant to those too,” McCarthy says.
“And it’s possible that five years from now, you may need to be in the hospital to get an intravenous antibiotic for what has now become a superbug infection. You’re going to survive, but it’s a lot more inconvenient for you and it’s a lot more expensive for the health care system to treat you in the hospital for something that was once treatable as an outpatient,” he adds.
Everyday surgeries could also become more dangerous, and minor injuries could be life-threatening. “We could really get to that point if we don’t pay attention to this,” Weiss says.
Editor’s note: This story, first published Nov. 24, 2021, has been updated to reflect new research.
The key takeaways were created with the assistance of generative AI. An AARP editor reviewed and refined the content for accuracy and clarity.
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