Can Ultrasound Help Treat Alzheimer’s?

How can ultrasound help? ​​

The research is still in the early stages, but studies so far show that low-intensity ultrasound waves targeted at specific regions of the brain can safely open the blood-brain barrier — a roadblock of sorts that prevents toxins, germs and other substances in the bloodstream from entering the brain tissue. And temporarily opening the barrier in areas of the brain associated with Alzheimer’s disease could give researchers a new way to deliver drugs and therapeutics straight to the source.

​​“Most of the things that are really cutting-edge and interesting, like gene therapies and cell therapies, require you to directly inject them into the brain,” says Michael Kaplitt, M.D., a neurosurgeon and vice chair for research at Weill Cornell Medicine, who has worked with Rezai on focused ultrasound research. “What if you could do this without brain surgery?”

​​It’s also possible that opening the blood-brain barrier could be helpful on its own, though more research is needed. Rezai, Kaplitt and a team of researchers found that clinical trial participants in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease saw a modest reduction in beta-amyloid plaques — sticky protein clumps that impair communication between neurons and are one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s.

​“Whether that will be enough to help the patient long term, I just don’t know yet. That’s what we’re still testing,” Kaplitt says. Scientists are also still studying whether removing amyloid plaques improves Alzheimer’s symptoms. ​​

WVU Photo/ Greg Ellis

It’s unclear why opening the blood-brain barrier may cause a reduction in amyloid plaques, but one theory is it activates the system in the brain responsible for clearing out waste. Another idea: The ultrasound itself could be shattering the plaques “into a smaller, more soluble protein complex that can be cleared more readily,” Rezai postulates. Whatever the mechanism, the researchers have found “no meaningful cognitive or behavioral worsening” among clinical trial participants after several procedures, Rezai says. Some patients have reported positive changes — AARP profiled one of them in 2019. 

How it works: Punching “little holes” in the barrier 

​​First, it’s helpful to know that focused ultrasound isn’t new to medicine: It’s already used to treat symptoms of other neurodegenerative conditions like essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. The experimental technique that’s being explored in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s, however, is different. (It’s also different from the more routine ultrasound procedures that let expecting parents peek at their developing babies, or that allow doctors to see the pumping action of the heart.) ​​

The high-tech helmet at the center of the Alzheimer’s research is attached to an MRI and contains more than 1,000 probes that emit low-intensity ultrasound waves at specific targeted areas of the brain. The patient’s head goes into the helmet, then microscopic bubbles get injected into their bloodstream. These bubbles, which are used in other imaging procedures, look like a relatively clear fluid, Kaplitt says, and can’t be felt by the patient. ​​

When the tiny bubbles meet the energy from the ultrasound, they start to bounce around in that specific spot “and literally punch holes in this blood-brain barrier,” Kaplitt explains, causing it to open at the target without disturbing other areas of the brain. Within 24 hours, the barrier is closed again. And so far, no adverse events have been reported among the patients who’ve undergone this procedure since the research began a few years ago.

​​“I think the most important thing that we’ve been showing is that this seems to be very safe and well tolerated,” Kaplitt says. ​​

Fitting into the future of medicine ​​

Rezai and Kaplitt aren’t the only researchers pursuing focused ultrasound for Alzheimer’s treatment. A handful of other U.S.-based institutions are studying the approach, and so are Canadian researchers. At the same time, scientists are looking at a myriad of technologies, targets and therapies that could potentially hold the answer — or at least part of one — to treating Alzheimer’s. “It’s likely going to be a combination of treatments that will ultimately be effective at staving off some of the cognitive impairment of aging,” the Mayo Clinic’s Petersen says. ​​

It’s not clear whether ultrasound will fit into that mix, but Rezai is optimistic that it will play a role in how we treat brain diseases in the future. “It opens up a whole new set of opportunities for us as physicians and scientists to explore — not only for Alzheimer’s, but for other neurological conditions,” he says. ​​ ​

Rachel Nania writes about health care and health policy for AARP. Previously she was a reporter and editor for WTOP Radio in Washington, D.C. A recipient of a Gracie Award and a regional Edward R. Murrow Award, she also participated in a dementia fellowship with the National Press Foundation.​