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Paleoanthropologist Don Johanson: ‘We All Need To Embrace This Gift of Being Born Human’

50 years ago, Johanson found 'Lucy,' the fossil that changed how we view our ancestry


spinner image Don Johanson leaning up against white fence with trees behind him
Paleoanthropologist Don Johanson, seen here at his home in Novato, California, discovered the 'Lucy' fossil in 1974.
Gabriela Hasbun

While doing fieldwork at Hadar, Ethiopia in 1974, ​American paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson, then 30, found Lucy, the fossil that changed the way we view our common ancestry. Lucy was dated to 3.2 million years ago and classified in 1978 as the first known member of A. afarensis, a species thought to be one of the direct ancestors of modern humans. As founder of the Institute of Human Origins, now part of Arizona State University, Johanson continues to explore what being human means, and he tells AARP how it felt to discover Lucy, what's keeping him busy these days, and what he feels we humans need to do to adapt and survive.   

Life changed for you forever in the Afar desert in Ethiopia when you saw a fossilized bone you recognized as humanlike. Describe that moment.

My first thought was, “This is unbelievable.” There was my childhood dream right at my feet. My dad was a barber who died when I was 2. But I was lucky as a kid to meet my mentor, an anthropologist who let me use his library. At age 13, I had an epiphany after reading Thomas Henry Huxley’s book, Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature. It predicted that someday someone will find an ape more humanlike or a man more apelike. That someone turned out to be me.

Your team named her Lucy after a favorite Beatles song. What made her special?

Lucy was the ape who stood up. She walked like we do. We found the pelvis and leg bones that look a lot like ours. But her face was very apelike and her brain was the size of an orange. We now have hundreds of specimens of Lucy’s species, Australopithecus afarensis. They didn’t have symbolic language or art. But they were living together, which is an example of cooperation, one of the key factors for why humans have survived.

spinner image Donald Johanson holding the skull of Lucy
In this 1981 photo, Johanson displays a plaster-cast skull of the female skeleton he named "Lucy."
Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

Why does Lucy still get so much attention?

She reshaped our understanding of the origins of the human family tree. My hypothesis, which remains the predominant view, was that Lucy’s species was the last common ancestor to other branches of her species that went extinct and the branch that led to our own species, Homo sapiens. Also, I think Lucy caught the public’s imagination because she was a prehuman they could visualize. It wasn’t a little piece of jaw. We recovered 40 percent of her skeleton.

In January you returned to Hadar, the site of your groundbreaking find.

That was a very emotional moment for me. I knew in 1974 it would be important for my career and the quest to find fossils, but not how enduring it would be. Now being 80, I’m grateful for being alive to see how significantly that discovery influenced the last 50 years.

Do you miss the days of working in a field camp?

I have a romantic view ... of the early days, being in remote camps in the middle of the desert, sitting around a table at night with little kerosene lamps. Today I don’t want to live in a tent for two months in the middle of the desert. But looking back at my diaries, I don’t remember ever complaining.

Speaking of romantic, you remarried at age 79. How does late-life romance compare to when you were younger?

It’s the best. I married a woman named Robin who is a true partner. She’d written me a letter — you know, the ones you used to put a stamp on — and later helped me through some writing challenges. But it was a number of years before I actually met her for dinner. It was like, Wow! Where have you been my whole life? It was definitely a spark.

You chose a unique time and place to pop the question.

We were on a safari in southern Kenya with close friends, having a sumptuous picnic under a beautiful acacia tree. It was about 4 o’clock in the afternoon. And I walked over to Robin and asked her to marry me. She said yes. Besides our friends, no other people were around, but a small herd of zebras stopped by. We’ve been happy every day since.

You have many passions, including music, photography and African birding. How do you stay so curious and joyful?

I wake up loving every day. I feel we’ve been given this incredible opportunity to be alive. I used to shock my students by telling them, “You’re the lucky ones, because you’re going to die.” Then I’d explain, “The only reason you’re going to die is because you were born. A few genes different and you would not be you.” We all need to embrace this gift of being born human, find our passions and be proactive in life.

How long can humans survive, given that some 99 percent of all species that ever lived have gone extinct?

People say even the dinosaurs went extinct. Well, they didn’t have a choice. We have a choice. We have the smartest organ — our brain — that we know of in our solar system. We have the technological complexity to solve a lot of problems. But as a species, we are overly focused on ourselves. I call us “Homo egocentricists.” We live locally and don’t think globally. We need to understand our place in the natural world and cooperate to preserve this precious planet.

What is the purpose of NASA’s Lucy Mission, named for our human ancestor?

The Lucy spacecraft will explore a group of Trojan asteroids, mysterious space rocks trapped in Jupiter’s orbit that hold vital clues to the origins of our solar system. Here’s what’s mind-boggling: Last November Lucy successfully flew within 270 miles of an asteroid called Dinkinesh — Lucy’s Ethiopian name — that’s 300 million miles away. And discovered Dinkinesh has a moon. It did that traveling at a speed of 10,000 miles per hour. I mean, wow!

I didn’t know asteroids had moons.

Well [laughs] I can’t say I did either.

The next asteroid Lucy will fly by is named Donaldjohanson. Has your life come full circle?

Yes. I’ll probably be with the pilot in Colorado who’ll be steering the spacecraft. My discovery of an early ancestor who walked upright came just a few years after Neil Armstrong walked on the moon. Now the Lucy Mission and the James Webb Space Telescope are unlocking the history of our cosmos. It will be left to future generations to determine how long Homo sapiens continue to be the most extraordinary species we know of in the universe.

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